GIS, Data Mining and Archaeology Last Post 25 Apr 2008 09:00 PM by Gal. 4 Replies. | Sort: |
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Gal
 New Member
 Posts:2

 | | 25 Apr 2008 09:00 PM | | Hi, my name is Gal, and I'm a PhD student from Israel. As for myself, I'm not an archaeologist, although my B.A degree consisted of major studies in Geography, and minor studies in Archaeology.
After completing my M.A studies (focusing over the field of remote sensing and it's use for general mapping), I promised myself that in case I'll continue with my studies I'll try to corporate GIS (which I'm very familiar with from former jobs and studies) into the field of archaeology. GIS is for a long time for now part of many archaeologists toolbox, although its main application is still in the level of inter-site analysis, environmental relations between the site and it's environ, site location prediction as well as other area of interest. In other words, most of the volume of GIS based archaeological research is focusing over the analysis of the site or findings in relation with other or neighbor sites that shares the same chronological frame, or with environmental factors that influenced a certain aspect related to the site itself or its inhabitants.
The theme of intra site spatial analysis using GIS is something that emerged only within recent years (for example, several sessions during the recent CAA (Computer Applications in Archaeology) conferences were dedicated to the potential of using GIS with site level archaeology). Intra-site spatial analysis will seek to find some pattern that is inherent in the findings themselves, their distribution within the site and their interaction with other excavated findings: Architecture, special findings (other from pottery for instance) etc. Just think of questions related to the vertical as well as horizontal distribution of the findings and the information gathered from such questions for solving stratigraphic problems.
During my PhD studies I seek to use GIS methodologies, together with other methodologies originated from the field of data mining (a.k.a. Knowledge Discovery, Data Archaeology etc.), in order to analyze the excavated findings and than harnessing the knowledge extracted from such analysis for the benefit of the human expert, you, the archaeologists.
My case study will focus over records gathered during the excavation of Tell es-Safi, known as biblical "Gath of philistine". This excavation, directed by Dr. Aren Maeir of the Martin (Szusz) Department of Land of Israel Studies and Archaeology at Bar-Ilan University in Israel, is one of the largest and important excavations in Israel these days. You can find further information about Tell es-Safi, at http://www.dig-gath.com.
Does any of you familiar with the use of GIS for intra site spatial analysis? What about incorporating data mining into the archaeological data processing.
Thank you for your time,
Gal
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| | AntArch
 New Member
 Posts:19

 | | 25 Apr 2008 09:01 PM | | Hi Gal,
There been a number of intrasite GIS based excvavations in the UK (including Perry Oaks, West Heslerton, Eton Rowing Lake and Shepton Mallet). However, although many of them use 'standardised' recording their approaches have been tailored for their specific research needs. This is an area which I would recommend you pursue further with your excavation colleagues and in part answers your second question. Data mining and multi-scalar analyses offer immense potential and can be thought of as part of the move towards reflexive excavation techniques (have a look at any recent book by Ian Hodder, particularly 'The Archaeological Process'). However, explicit examples of such approaches are not part of the literature. In essence, the research goals of the project should help to determine how the archive is collected and analysed in the field (I have co-authored something on this in the forthcoming Taylor and Francis 'GIS for Sustainable Development').
One area that people tend to neglect is that of recording systems and data quality. As much as a project may have specific research goals the recording systems they use may be inappropriate to achieve those goals. Further, there are issues of knowledge propagation: for example, some projects have conducted full 3d collection of all artefactual and ecofactual data ('special'/'small' finds are an artificial construct). The point is do these collection strategies actually add archaeological value and are the specialists aware that they may have impact on their field of study. Continuing with that example, few people have looked at the micro-spatial patternings to determine their archaeological relevance (for any issue be that formation, assemblage patterning, discard strategies etc., although Spikins (flint possibly in archaeological prospection) and Tipper (Grubenhauser) are a couple of excepetions (sorry can't remember the references)).
Basically you've got an interesting problem for which you have a number of challenges to overcome including:
Creating a post-hoc digital record
It's a tell site!!!! (start on an easy one why don't you
Creating a database structure that allows assemblage level analysis
Creating a database structure that allows multi-scalar/reflexive analyses.
Getting the project team to explicitly define the research issues they are interested in and then converting that into a GIS analyzable product.
Good luck
Ant
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| Gal
 New Member
 Posts:2

 | | 25 Apr 2008 09:01 PM | | | Hi AntArch,
Thanks for your detailed answer,
As for the recording system, my colleagues and I are in the middle of process of transforming the entire archaeological records into the GIS domain. We are actually in the middle of a massive digitizing process of certain levels (stratums) including the architecture and buildings, finds location and their attributes, loci's, floors etc.
There are a lot of questions we are dealing with related to that process (for example which information related to heights can be used in order to create and display floors within the GIS? what type of graphic models is to be used in order to display different records, Raster or Vector? etc.).
Are you familiar with projects that tried to create an organized methodology for creating archaeological archive for the site level, using the GIS? Unfortunately I can't find much detail over the internet about those excavations you've mentioned. Or maybe it'll better try looking for academic papers of such projects?
Cheers,
Gal
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| AntArch
 New Member
 Posts:19

 | | 25 Apr 2008 09:01 PM | | | Try the Archaeologoical Data Service. Won't give you any specific but will give you many good pointers. Also Computer Applications in Archaeology conference proceedings (should be in your library). Other than that there are the common GIS and archaeology books. Some will be of more use than others. Lock will be a good start 'Using computers in archaeology: towards virtual pasts' and 'On the Theory and Practice of Archaeological Computing'. Wheatley and Gillings will be useful but is more focussed on landscapes and DEM terrain analysis than intra-site work. As far as raster and vector goes.... Quite simple really. Raster for photography and Audio/video. Vector for everything else. Damn difficult to deal with complex stratigraphy in a raster model unless you are using a 3d gis and voxells. Shepton Mallett demonstrated that raster for intrasite is a bad idea.
Best
Ant | | | |
| SteveW
 Advanced Member
 Posts:662

 | | 25 Apr 2008 09:01 PM | | This is a great discussion.
I'm in the process of getting the portal back to its core purpose: providing a platform where people can share information on using computer systems in archaeology. I'm working in the background to open up a new GIS section that will include:
- Latest GIS news
- GIS Books
- GIS Software
- GIS Discussion Lists
- GIS in action (a look at Projects)
- GIS Resources (links)
The section will be opened to registered members to post their own data (I'll need to approve posts).
I also plan to produce similar sections on other technologies (Surveying/GPS/Excavation tools).
Steve White | | | |
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